Human resource management policies implemented by Watsons Engine Assignment

Human asset the board approaches actualized by Watsons Engine Components - Assignment Example Anyway there are factors which oppose successful administration of human asset. In this investigation, hypothetical structures have additionally been joined to more readily dissect HRM approaches and capacities. A basic viewpoint for human asset the executives helps in deciding the requirement for key HR wanting to upgrade organization execution. The report will even feature certain proposals for Watsons toward the end which can be executed to decrease issues saw inside the association. Different methodologies of human asset the board are sketched out in this examination and every one of them significantly affects workforce efficiency. Human asset the executives is a hierarchical capacity organized to boost worker execution. The significant goal of this capacity is to meet destinations of boss. The board of human asset is identified with creating frameworks and arrangements for viably overseeing workforce in an association. The units and divisions of HR are liable for representative enrollment, execution examination, preparing and improvement and in any event, fulfilling. HR is related with modern relations, or rather adjusting administrative laws and aggregate dealing guidelines with hierarchical practices. In twentieth century, human relations development encircled the idea of human asset the board. Scientists took a shot at this idea and expressed that key administration of workforce can make upper hand for a business.

Ethics in the Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Morals in the Media - Essay Example The idea of free discourse and opportunity of the press is subsequently the paste that holds the country’s hard-battled for opportunities unblemished. Political accuracy is a term used to allude to the consideration in talking that rose during the 70s, picked up quality during the 80s and stays a significant point in media relations today. At the point when it originally began being utilized, â€Å"Folks on the left utilized the term to excuse sees that were viewed as excessively inflexible and, additionally, to make jokes about themselves for the enormous consideration they took to neither say nor do whatever may outrage the political sensibilities of others† (Bliefuss, 2007). This half-kidding feeling of affectability in correspondence has since exploded into an intense danger to our privileges of free discourse and free media. While thinking about whether we genuinely need political accuracy as a core value in our media, it is significant that we set aside the effort to all the more absolutely characterize the term and its application. The significance of free discourse and free media is featured in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution which states â€Å"Congress will make no law regarding a foundation of religion, or precluding the free exercise thereof; or shortening the ability to speak freely, or of the press; or the privilege of the individuals quietly to amass, and to request of the legislature for a review of grievances.† (â€Å"The Constitution†, 2006). The Founding Fathers of America considered a free press one of, if not the most, significant perspectives in the development of a free and fair society. A lot of their accentuation on this point originated from their observation that the media directs that at that point existed in England, after whom they designed quite a bit of their legitimate code, was unbendingly blue-penciled. Columnists who scrutinized the King’s choices were frequently imprisoned or more regrettable. The Founders realized that if the press were no t free, the nation would not be either.

Sophomores Upcoming MIT Events

HS Juniors/Sophomores Upcoming MIT Events Beginning this coming Sunday, April 26th, MIT will be going on the road with Brown Yale Universities for meetings in Southern California and the Mid-Atlantic states. Details can be found here: brownmityale.org These meetings will be a great opportunity for high school sophomores and juniors to hear from three great universities all in one place. Each school will talk a little about what makes it unique, and will also describe common philosophies on admissions, financial aid, and more. Each session, including QA, will run about 90 minutes. You can RSVP at brownmityale.org. In addition, we will also host breakfast meetings for your guidance counselors. Were excited to have these conversations with your counselor about the state of admissions. Counselors can RSVP at brownmityale.org. Note as well that later this summer, the same three schools will be touring the Mountain West/Pacific Northwest states. Of course, well also be visiting a number cities across the country in the fall (cities/dates TBA), so if were not in your area now, hopefully well be nearby in September or October. We look forward to seeing you!

The Government Agency Postal Service - 1512 Words

Look. You may not believe me, but you have to listen. They are after me! They want me to be killed, forgotten†¦ dead. Don’t give me that confused face, you need to help me, now! Come on, Speak to me. Okay, okay, fine, let me start all the way from the beginning. You remember when I got my first job? The postal duties. Well, that is what I sort of do now, but for the government. When I first applied for the government agency postal service, I had to complete a test to see if I was right for the job. I somehow passed. I regret It. The following day, they told me to come to the government building alone. At first I thought It was strange how they distinctively told me to go with no one else, but they told me that it was all a part of the†¦show more content†¦Above me, I saw a light slowly get brighter. It was a spotlight shining directly on me. I saw a bright blue projection appear on the wall in front of me which then cut to the silhouette of a man. With his deep solemn voice he said, â€Å"The following information is fully classified to the public. Do you accept to hear?† I said yes. He then went on to explain something extraordinary that hid right under our noses, literally. Oh God! I really shouldn t tell you the rest. Oh, um, okay. I’ll continue, sorry. So, believe it or not, Humans can live forever. Yea, I sound insane, but you must keep listening. Ever since monkeys started to evolve into humans, they began to notice that their lifetime spam expanded. The only way that they could control the rapid population growth is killing off humans. These deaths can occur in may different ways such as crashes, fires and the most common, age. Yep. All of these things are deliberately caused by the government. On the date of September 11th 2001, the government had the plan to fly a plane filled with innocent passages into the twin towers and blame it on the terrorists. They succeeded and somehow completely went unnoticed. With the death by age, when you are born, your given both a birth date and a death date. Since I worked for the government, they promised over 90 years for each worker. Some people have a special injection when they are born. This triggers cancer at any random time. Diseases are commonly spreadShow MoreRelatedThe Birth of Air Transportation Essay example1091 Words   |  5 PagesThis was due in part to the postal service wanting to get more mail to more areas more efficiently back in 1911. The birth of air transportation and the advent of the Federal Aviation Administration took place because of the foresight by the postal service, the Kelly Act of 1925 and Federal Aviation Act of 1958. In 1911 the postal service was looking for a new ways to transport mail to new places and faster. Demonstrations were held around the world of airplane mail service. The United States heldRead MoreSaving the USPS Through Privitization Essay example989 Words   |  4 Pagesless and less mail is being sent every year and because of competitors like FedEx and UPS the United States Postal Service (USPS) is having financial problems. All over the world there has been sweeping postal reform. New Zealand moved to three day mail delivery, Canada eliminated home delivery in cities, and the United Kingdom recently privatized their mail system. The United States Postal office has been losing money and reported a loss of $15.9 billion dollars in 2012. The USPS has been increasingRead MoreFinancial Fraud : Fraud Against Older Americans1080 Words   |  5 PagesCredit card fraud †¢ Schemes that charge money for services that the Government provides for free †¢ Cute-rate health insurance fraud †¢ Investment fraud (Ponzi Schemes) †¢ Solicitations disguised as invoices †¢ Oil and gas investment fraud †¢ Land fraud Fraud Against Older Americans †¢ Sweepstakes advice for the elderly Sweepstakes and Lottery Fraud †¢ Illegal sweepstakes information †¢ Chain letters †¢ Free-prize scheme †¢ Foreign lotteries by mail †¢ Government look-a-like mail †¢ Free vacation scams TelemarketingRead MorePad 530 Dq1-2 Week 1-21473 Words   |  6 Pagesin policies and procedures.    Two challenges posed to human resource departments; the inability to provide essential information to access or evaluate an employee’s performance accurately, Failure to provide quality and satisfactory customers services to connect with a task group with the strategies and plans the organization has implemented.    Improvement in Labor Managementfor human resource departments it mean networking and communicating with various industrials and labor force can be aRead MoreThe Postal Service ( Usps )1541 Words   |  7 Pages the U.S. Postal Service (USPS) has been a self-supporting government agency that covers its operating costs with revenues generated through the sales of postage and related products and services. The USPS is experiencing significant financial challenges. After running modest profits from FY2003 through FY2006, the USPS lost $41.1 billion between FY2007 and FY2012. Since FY2011, the USPS has defaulted on $11.1 billion in payments to its Retiree Health Benefits Fund (RHBF). The agency has reachedRead MoreUniversity Xyz, Phishing, And Legal Aspects1463 Words   |  6 PagesIt is important to understand legal phishing definition, and laws applicable if University XYZ faces any phishing attack. In this section, apart from explaining federal statute and related punishment for phishing attack, details are given on government agencies that University XYZ can approach for phishing attack investigation. In legal terms, phishing is an attempt to acquire personal information by masquerading as a trustworthy entity through an electronic communication. First Anti-Phishing ActRead MoreThe Postal Service ( Usps )1433 Words   |  6 Pagesfederal agency the United States Postal Service (USPS). The USPS continues to struggle financially and has not shown a profit since the year of 2007. Congress continues to place pressure to privatize the postal service and to run like any other organization. Unlike other for profit organizations and businesses the USPS receives benefits from Congress such as bailouts when they cannot meet payroll, and are exempt for paying federal and state taxes. On the other side of the coin, the Postal ServiceRead MoreSaving the Postal Service: The Problems, the Solutions, and the Surprise1461 Words   |  6 Pages(the person receiving the mail) was through the United States Postal Service, or the USPS. In the past decade, the postal service has experienced a decr eased volume in their letter mail. In fact, for the postal service, the volume of this letter mail has been falling at a rate not seen since the Great Depression and it is believed to be because the substitution [of snail mail] to Internet-based communications (Geddes). The postal service has started to experience such a decline in funds that theyRead MoreHistory in Aviation Essays1084 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1958, the United States government created the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) because of increasing safety concerns due to aviation accidents. However, they were not the first government organization that regulated air transportation. Even in 1958, the FAA shared certain responsibilities with other organizations. The responsibilities of the FAA at the time were limited when compared to their functions today, but it was an important step to effectively create a safe air transportation environmentRead MoreLaws Affecting The Agency Of The United States Postal Service1485 Words   |  6 PagesLaws Affecting The Agency When it comes to The United States Postal Service, I did not think they would have many court cases, especially dealing with diversity and mistreatment in the workplace. During my research, however, I was proven wrong. The Postal Service has had quite a few court cases, while many of them relate to ethical and discriminatory issues. Individuals have felt that the Postal Service sometimes judge applicants or workers by their lifestyle or ethnicity. This in turn shows bad

Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 1365 Words

Throughout the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee conveys the concept of courage through differing individual’s perspectives. In the racially segregated community of Maycomb, the existence and genuine form of valour is misinterpreted by the citizens. Audacity is associated with physical strength and will; one’s engagements and victories. However, Harper Lee explores its disparate forms through opposing individuals, defining the presence of authentic courage. Readers are exposed to several forms of courage, from individuals who acquire diverse values and beliefs. Lee discovers intellectual courage through the maturation of youthful Jem Finch’s into an adult. In the life of a principled lawyer, Atticus Finch’s moral fortitude is vividly illustrated as he continues to defy all social conventions when defending Tom Robinson. Through the eyes of a morphine addict, Lee introduces emotional courage in Mrs. Dubose’s when suppressing her unprincipled h abits. By imbedding the quality of â€Å"courage† in the lives’ of various characters, Lee effectively illustrates the numerous forms of the motif ‘courage’ and its genuine definition: intellectual, social and spiritual. Jeremy Atticus Finch’s (Jem) maturation from a childlike adolescent, into a established adult during times of great controversies in Maycomb, depicts inordinate intellectual courage. Through the eyes of a juvenile, immersed in a world of convoluted disputations, Harper Lee displays intellectual courage. Initially,Show MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. With that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by Africa n-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, wh en older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, herRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 17 Free Essays

string(23) " the waves for a time\." Tiffany’s Head Floating over the Waves When Ronnie picks me up in his minivan – which has three rows of seats – Tiffany is already buckled in next to Emily’s car seat, so I climb into the very back, carrying the football and the bag my mother packed me, which contains a towel, a change of clothes, and a bagged lunch, even though I told Mom that Ronnie was bringing hoagies from the local deli. Of course my mother feels the need to stand on the front porch and wave, as if I were five years old. Veronica, who is riding in the front passenger’s seat, leans over Ronnie and yells to my mother. We will write a custom essay sample on The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 17 or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"Thanks for the wine and flowers!† My mother takes this as an invitation to walk to the minivan and have a conversation. â€Å"How do you like the outfit I bought for Pat?† my mom says when she reaches Ronnie’s window. She ducks down and takes a long look at Tiffany, but Tiffany has already turned her head away from my mother and is looking out the window at the house across the street. The outfit I am wearing is ridiculous: a bright orange polo shirt, bright green swimming shorts, and flip-flops. I did not want to wear any of this, but I knew Veronica was likely to make a fuss if I wore one of my cutoff T-shirts and a pair of workout shorts. Since Veronica and my mother have pretty much the same taste, I allowed my mother to dress me – plus, it makes Mom really happy. â€Å"He looks great, Mrs. Peoples,† Veronica says, and Ronnie nods in agreement. â€Å"Hello, Tiffany,† my mother says, sticking her head into the car a little more, but Tiffany ignores her. â€Å"Tiffany?† Veronica says, but Tiffany continues to stare out the window. â€Å"Have you met Emily yet?† Ronnie asks, and then he is out of the car and Emily is unbuckled from her car seat and placed in my mother’s arms. Mom’s voice gets all funny as she talks to Emily, and standing next to Mom, Veronica and Ronnie are all smiles. This goes on for a few minutes, until Tiffany turns her head and says, â€Å"I thought we were going to the beach today.† â€Å"Sorry, Mrs. Peoples,† Veronica says. â€Å"My sister can be a little blunt sometimes, but we probably should get going so we can have lunch on the beach.† My mother quickly nods and says, â€Å"Have a good time, Pat,† as Ronnie buckles Emily back into her car seat. Again I feel like I am five. On the way to the shore, Ronnie and Veronica talk to Tiffany and me the same way they talk to Emily – as if they are not really expecting a response, saying things that really don’t need to be said at all. â€Å"Can’t wait to get on the beach.† â€Å"We’re going to have such a good time.† â€Å"What should we do first – swim, walk the beach, or throw the football?† â€Å"Such a nice day.† â€Å"Are you guys having fun?† â€Å"Can’t wait to eat those hoagies!† After twenty minutes of non-talk, Tiffany says, â€Å"Can we please have some quiet time?† and we ride the rest of the way listening to the yelling noises Emily makes – what her parents claim is singing. We drive through Ocean City and over a bridge to a beach I do not know. â€Å"Little less crowded down here,† Ronnie explains. When we park, Emily is put into what looks like a cross between a stroller and a 4Ãâ€"4 vehicle, which Veronica pushes. Tiffany carries the umbrella. Ronnie and I carry the cooler, each of us grabbing a handle. We take a wooden walkway over a sand dune covered with sea oats and find that we have the beach all to ourselves. Not another person anywhere to be seen. After a brief discussion about whether the tide is coming in or out, Veronica picks a dry patch and tries to spread out the blanket while Ronnie begins digging the umbrella spike into the sand. But there is a breeze, and Veronica has some trouble, as the wind keeps folding the blanket over. If it were anyone but Veronica, I would grab a corner and help, but I do not want to get yelled at, so I wait for instructions before I do anything. Tiffany does the same, but Veronica fails to ask for help. Maybe some sand gets kicked up or something, because Emily starts screaming and rubbing her eyes. â€Å"Nice,† Tiffany says. Veronica immediately attends to Emily, telling her to blink, demonstrating what to do, but Emily only screams even louder. â€Å"I can’t take a crying baby right now,† Tiffany adds. â€Å"Make her stop crying. Veronica, would you please make her – â€Å" â€Å"Remember what Dr. Lily said? What did we talk about this morning?† Veronica says over her shoulder, shooting Tiffany a serious look before turning her attention back to Emily. â€Å"So now we’re talking about my therapist in front of Pat? You fucking bitch,† Tiffany says, shaking her head, and then she is walking away from us quickly. â€Å"Christ,† Veronica says. â€Å"Ronnie, can you handle Emily?† Ronnie nods solemnly, and then Veronica is running after Tiffany, saying, â€Å"Tiff? Come back. Come on. I’m sorry. I’m really sorry.† Ronnie flushes Emily’s eyes with bottled water, and after ten minutes or so, she stops crying. We get the blanket spread out under the shade of the umbrella, weighting the corners down with the cooler, our flip-flops and sandals, and Emily’s super stroller – but Veronica and Tiffany do not come back. After every inch of Emily’s skin is coated with sunscreen, Ronnie and I play with her down at the water’s edge. She likes running after the waves as they recede. She likes digging in the sand, and we have to watch to make sure she does not eat the sand, which seems weird to me, because why would anyone want to eat sand? Ronnie carries Emily out into the ocean, and we all float over the waves for a time. You read "The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 17" in category "Essay examples" I ask if we should be worried about Veronica and Tiffany, and Ronnie says, â€Å"No. They’re just having a therapy session somewhere on the beach. They’ll be back soon.† I don’t like the way he emphasizes the word â€Å"therapy,† as if therapy were some sort of ridiculous idea, but I don’t say anything. After we dry off, we all lie down on the blanket – Ronnie and Emily in the shade, and me in the sun. I doze off pretty quickly. When I open my eyes, Ronnie’s face is next to mine; he’s sleeping. I feel a tap on my shoulder, and when I roll over, I see that Emily has walked around the blanket. She smiles at me and says, â€Å"Pap.† â€Å"Let Daddy sleep,† I whisper, and then pick her up and carry her down to the water. For a while we sit and dig a small hole in the wet sand with our hands, but then Emily stands and chases the foam of a receding wave, laughing and pointing. â€Å"Want to go swimming?† I ask her, and she nods once, so I scoop her up into my arms and begin to wade out into the water. The surf has picked up some and the waves have a lot more height, so I quickly walk past the breakers to where the water is up to my chest. Emily and I begin to float over the swells. As the waves grow in size, I have to jump and kick really hard to keep both of our heads above water, but Emily loves it and begins squealing and laughing and clapping her hands every time we float up. This goes on for a good ten minutes, and I am so happy; I kiss her chubby cheeks over and over. Something about Emily makes me want to float over waves with her for the rest of my life, and I decide that when apart time is done, I will make a daughter with Nikki ASAP, because nothing has made me even close to this happy since apart time began. The swells get even bigger. I lift Emily up and put her on my shoulders so she will not have her face splashed by the waves, and her squeals seem to suggest that she likes being so high in the air. We float up. We float down. We are so happy. We are so, so happy. But then I hear someone screaming. â€Å"Pat! Pat! Paaaaaaat!† I turn and see that Veronica is running very quickly down the beach, with Tiffany trailing far behind. I worry that maybe something is wrong, so I start to make my way in. The waves are pretty big now, and I have to take Emily down from my shoulders and hold her against my chest to ensure her safety, but soon we are able to negotiate our way back to Veronica, who is now running into the surf. When I get closer, Veronica seems to be very upset. Emily starts to scream and reach for her mother. â€Å"What the hell are you doing?† Veronica says to me when I hand Emily over to her. â€Å"I’m just swimming with Emily,† I say. Veronica’s screaming must have woken up Ronnie, because he has run down to meet us. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"You let Pat take Emily out into the ocean?† Veronica says, and by the way she says my name, it’s obvious she does not want Emily to be left alone with me, because she thinks I am going to hurt Emily somehow, which is unfair – especially since Emily only started crying when she heard Veronica screaming, so really Veronica was the one who upset her own daughter. â€Å"What did you do to her?† Ronnie says to me. â€Å"Nothing,† I say. â€Å"We were only swimming.† â€Å"What were you doing?† Veronica says to Ronnie. â€Å"I must of fallen asleep, and – â€Å" â€Å"Jesus Christ, Ronnie. You left Emily alone with him?† The way Veronica says â€Å"him,† Emily crying, Ronnie accusing me of doing something awful to his daughter, the sun burning my bare chest and back, Tiffany watching now – suddenly I feel as though I might explode. I definitely feel an episode coming on, so before I blow up, I do the only thing I can think of: I start running down the beach away from Veronica and Ronnie and Emily and the crying and the accusations. I run as fast as I can, and suddenly I realize that now I am crying, probably because I was only swimming with Emily and it felt so right and I was trying to be good and thought I was being good and I let my best friend down and Veronica screamed at me and it’s not fair because I have been trying so hard and how long can this fucking movie last and how much more do I need to improve myself and – Tiffany passes me. She runs by me like a blur. Suddenly, only one thing matters: I need to pass her. I start running faster and catch up to her, but she picks up her speed and we run side by side for a time until I find that gear women do not have, and I blow by her and maintain my man speed for a minute or so before I slow down and allow her to catch up with me. We jog side by side on the beach for a long time, neither of us saying a word. What feels like an hour passes before we turn around, and what feels like another hour passes before we see Ronnie and Veronica’s umbrella, but before we reach them, Tiffany veers into the ocean. I follow her – running directly into the waves – and the salt water feels so cool on my skin after a long run. Soon we are in too deep to stand, and Tiffany’s head is floating over the waves, which have calmed down considerably. Her face is a little tan and her hair hangs dark and wet and natural and I see freckles on her nose that were not there earlier that morning – so I swim over to her. A wave lifts me up, and when I come down over the other side, I am surprised that our faces are very close. For a second Tiffany reminds me so much of Nikki, I worry we might accidentally kiss, but Tiffany swims a few feet away from me before this happens, and I am thankful. Her toes come up out of the water, and she begins to float, facing the horizon. I lean back, stare at the line where sky meets water, allow my toes to rise, and float next to Tiffany for a long time, neither of us saying anything. When we walk back to the blanket, Emily is sleeping with a fist in her mouth, and Veronica and Ronnie are lying down, holding hands in the shade. When we stand over them, they squint and smile at us like nothing bad had happened earlier. â€Å"How was your run?† Ronnie asks. â€Å"We want to go home now,† Tiffany says. â€Å"Why?† Ronnie says, sitting up. â€Å"We haven’t even eaten our lunch. Pat, you really want to go home?† Veronica says nothing. I look up at the sky. No clouds at all. Nothing but blue. â€Å"Yeah, I do,† I tell him, and then we are in the minivan driving back to Collingswood. How to cite The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 17, Essay examples

Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics †Free Sampl

Question: Discuss about the Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics. Answer: Introduction The information system development had been largely responsible for the development of the effective and smart operations of the organization. The deployment of the effective and smart operations would be helpful for carving the systematic flow of operations and integrating the systematic flow of the diagram. The employment of the effective operations would result in forming the deployment of the operations of the organization. The flow of the operations would form the major implementation of the information system. The report would be developed for forming the analysis of the various risk factors and their impact on the development of the operations. The implementation of the operations would be helpful in forming the effective development of the functions in the organization. The development of the improved services would be the primary concern for the development and implementation of the information system. This report would highlight the development of the improved services in the organization and it would help in integrating the existing functions of the VIC. Illustration of Security Risks and Threats in VIC Government The following diagram would be helpful in analysis of the risk factors for VIC government as it had highlighted the major factors of the risk and threats to the information system implementation in VIC Government, The diagram had been developed by using the Ms-Visio Software and it includes all the major components of the risk or threats for implementation of the information system in VIC Government. The risk analysis had considered the threats and its classification in accidental and deliberate. However, the risk can be classified into internal and external risks depending on the source of the actions. The brief explanation of the components used in the diagram is given below, VIC Government: The users of the implemented information system can be represented as the VIC government in the diagram. The data and information stored in the information system are stored for the VIC government. The government acts as the primary stakeholder for the information system and it serves the role of user and sponsor (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). Moreover, the most crucial impact of the implementation of the information system is on the members of VIC Government whose data has been stored in the organization. The VIC government symbolizes the number of persons and government departments whose data and information would be stored on the implemented information system. Information Management System: The system that has been implemented for VIC government is Information Management System. The information management system would comprise of developing the effective and smart operations for VIC government. The information management system would help the government for carrying out smoother operations. According to Bommer, Crowley and Pinho (2015), the implementation of the operations of information management system would form the base of storage and access to data for VIC Government. The development of the operations would also form the influence of the improved processes for integrating the operations and development of the improvement facilities. Codes of Practices: The code of practice is a basic set of norms and rules developed by the government computer society for being able to stimulate and develop the improvement plan of operations in the system. The code of practices has been set by Australian Computer Society for managing the integrity of operations related to computer devices. The code of practice is termed as ISO/IEC.AC/AZS 17799:2001 and it results in development of the ethically correct and cohesive practices of the operations. The implication of the smart processing would help in forming the development of the system integration for the organizational processing. Risk and Threats: Bommer, Crowley and Pinho (2015) defined risk as those factors that have a considerable impact of accelerating or retarding the flow of operations in the organization. The threats can be consider as the factors having immediate danger for the completion of the operations. The systematic flow of operations in the information system would be halted due to the various processes of the operations. The threats have endangered the security and privacy of the operations of the organization. The implementation of the operations would divulge due to the impact of the threats on the operation of the organization. The various threats and risks in the implementation of information system for VIC Government are failure of outsourced operations, staff errors, technical failures, industrial action, theft and fraud, piracy of software, unauthorized software, unauthorized access, denial of service, programming errors, loss of information, failure of communication, transmission error s, website intrusion, malwares, eavesdropping, and social engineering issue. Accidental and Deliberate Threats: The risk analysis had considered the threats and its classification in accidental and deliberate. Alcorn, Good and Pain (2013) have contrasted accidental and deliberate threats as two factors. The accidental threats would serve the classification of the operations gone wrong. The accidental threats would be developed without any intention of harming the information system in the organization. The development of the effective and smart operations would be helpful for critically evaluating the operations in the organization. The accidental threats would hinder the effective and smart processing of the information in VIC government. Some of the accidental threats of the VIC information management system implementation are failure of outsourced operations, staff errors, technical failures, loss of information, transmission errors, failure of communication, and programming errors. On the contrary deliberate threats are intentionally done activities that had been done for harming the operations of the organization (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). The development of the effective and smart operations would be helpful for critically evaluating the operations in the organization. The deliberate threats would hinder the security and privacy of the information in VIC government. Some of the deliberate threats of the VIC information management system implementation are unauthorized software, eavesdropping, theft and fraud, website intrusion, piracy of software, unauthorized access, social engineering issue, industrial action, malwares, and denial of service. External and Internal Threats: As opined by Lam (2014), the risk factors in the implementation of the information system at VIC can be classified into external and internal threats. Man et al. (2013) have defined external threats for the VIC government as the external factors that have affected the development of the system privacy and security. These factors have significant influence in hindering the development of the effective and smart operations. The various threats of external threat are denial of service, technical failures, unauthorized access, programming errors, transmission errors, website intrusion, malwares, and eavesdropping. The implication of the internal threats would be implied for hindering the development of the operations and it would form the major influence in critical evaluation of the information system. The internal factors would benefit the implication of the operations and it would form the hindrance of the operations in the development of the information system (Alcorn, Good Pain, 2013). The various threats of internal threat are failure of outsourced operations, staff errors, unauthorized software, social engineering issue, loss of information, piracy of software, failure of communication, and industrial action. Classification of Risk Exposure Areas Lam (2014) has classified the area of the impact of risk in terms of high, medium, medium-low, and low risk exposure areas. The implementation of the information system for VIC government would be implied for the development of the information system. The classification would form the implication of the information system and development of the analysis of the risk exposure areas. The High Risk Exposure Areas are factors of risk that have critical impact on the operations of the organization and it had resulted in forming the development of the serious concerns for the VIC government organization. The implementation of the information system would have to face the high probability of the occurrence of the development of operations. The high risk exposure areas are intrusion, phishing, malware, and data theft. The Medium Risk Exposure Areas are the factors of risk that have moderate impact on the operations of the organization and it has resulted in forming major impact on the operati ons of the organization. The VIC government organization would result in forming the lower probability of the occurrence of operations. The medium risk exposure areas are issues of design, data misinterpretation, and software issues. The Medium Low Risk Exposure Areas are the factors of risk that have minor impact on the operations of the organization and it has resulted in forming minor impact on the operations of the organization. The VIC government organization would result in forming low probability of occurrence of operations. The medium low risk exposure areas are wrong data entry, data incompatibility, and integration issue. The Low Risk Exposure Areas are the factors of risk that have no significant impact on the operations of the organization and it has resulted in forming least impact on the operations of the organization. The VIC government organization would result in forming lowest probability of occurrence of operations. The low risk exposure areas are social engineeri ng issues and errors generated by the users. Comparison and Ranking of Accidental and Deliberate Threats Accidental and Deliberate threats for the VIC government information system implementation is compared in the table below, Rank Description Examples Justification of ranking 1st The deliberate threats are intentionally done activities that had been done for harming the operations of the organization (Von Solms Van Niekerk, 2013). The deliberate threats would hinder the security and privacy of the information in VIC government. Some of the deliberate threats of the VIC information management system implementation are unauthorized software, eavesdropping, theft and fraud, website intrusion, piracy of software, unauthorized access, social engineering issue, industrial action, malwares, and denial of service. Since the threat is done purposely and intentionally it had been ranked 1st 2nd According to Alcorn, Good and Pain (2013), the accidental threats would serve the classification of the operations gone wrong. The accidental threats would be developed without any intention of harming the information system in the organization. Some of the accidental threats of the VIC information management system implementation are failure of outsourced operations, staff errors, technical failures, loss of information, transmission errors, failure of communication, and programming errors. Since the threat is done without any motive or intention, it has been given ranked 2nd Table 1: Comparison of Accidental and Deliberate Threats for VIC government Security and Risk Management Challenges for VIC government The implementation of the VIC government would have to face some risk and challenges for the development of the information system in the VIC government. The security and risk management challenges are, Security Challenges: Rasmussen (2013) has pointed out that the implementation of the information system would involve the development of the security challenges for VIC government. The eavesdropping, theft and fraud, website intrusion, unauthorized access, malwares, and denial of service are the major issues and security challenges for VIC government. Operational Challenges: The operational challenges of VIC government are resulted when the information system implemented would not be able to accommodate the operations of the organization (Rasmussen, 2013). The social engineering issue, industrial action, failure of outsourced operations, loss of information, transmission errors, failure of communication, and programming errors are the major issues and operational challenges for VIC government. Comparing Risk and Uncertainty Silbey (2013) defined risk as those factors that have a considerable impact of accelerating or retarding the flow of operations in the organization. The threats can be consider as the factors having immediate danger for the completion of the operations. The systematic flow of operations in the information system would be halted due to the various processes of the operations. The risks are the technical failures, unauthorized access, theft and fraud, transmission errors, and malwares, and website intrusion. Covello et al. (2013) has explained uncertainty as the factor for the development of the operations of the unpredictability and information processing. The VIC government would involve the implementation of the effective and improved processes. However, the unpredictability of operations would imply the effective and improved processing of VIC. The uncertainties are the failure of outsourced operations, industrial action, and failure of communication, social engineering issue, and transmission errors. Risk Mitigation and Management The risk mitigation and management would be helpful for the implementing the effective and improved processing of the operations. The analysis of the risk mitigation and management are, Risk Identification: The identification of the risk factor would be implied for the development of the effective and improved analysis of the risk factor. The identification of the risk are evaluated for identifying the factors of risk in the operations. Risk Analysis: The analysis of the risk would be implied for forming the development of the risk and prioritizing them for the improvement of the operations. The analysis has formed the development of the operations in risk identification. Risk Mitigation: The mitigation of the risk can be done by forming the effective risk mitigation strategies and implementing them for forming the effective deployment of the operations. The implementation of the risk mitigation would involve the deployment of the effective and smart processing of the operations. Risk Evaluation: The evaluation is used for forming the accurate and systematic and improved processing of the operations. The evaluation would tend to form the development of the effective and improved processing. Conclusion The integration of the information processing was largely responsible for the development of operations in VIC Government and it could be achieved by developing the effective risk management operations. The threats of implementing the information system at VIC Government were failure of outsourced operations, staff errors, technical failures, industrial action, theft and fraud, piracy of software, unauthorized software, unauthorized access, denial of service, programming errors, loss of information, failure of communication, transmission errors, website intrusion, malwares, eavesdropping, and social engineering issue. The risk assessments had helped in integrating the development of the proper risk plan and its impact for the systematic development of operations. The management of the operations formed the faster and improved functions to implement the systematic and improved processing of the organization. The risks caused the sluggish in the development of the operations and it wou ld form hindrances for carrying out the operations of the VIC government. The security threats or risk factors were highly responsible for harming the flow of operations and resulting in direct or indirect harm to the stakeholders. The implementation of the information system for VIC government consisted of dividing the risk into high, medium, medium-low, and low risk exposure areas and analysing them in terms of accidental and deliberate threat. References Alcorn, A.M., Good, J. and Pain, H., (2013, July). Deliberate system-side errors as a potential pedagogic strategy for exploratory virtual learning environments. InInternational Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education(pp. 483-492). Springer Berlin Heidelberg Ali, E., Denis, A. F., Kujur, F. E., Chaudhary, M. (2014). Risk Management Strategies for Accidental Risk Occurrence on Construction SitesA Case Study of Allahabad.Journal of Academia and Industrial Research (JAIR),3(2), 89. Bommer, J. J., Crowley, H., Pinho, R. (2015). A risk-mitigation approach to the management of induced seismicity.Journal of Seismology,19(2), 623-646. Covello, V. T., Lave, L. B., Moghissi, A. A., Uppuluri, V. R. R. (Eds.). (2013).Uncertainty in risk assessment, risk management, and decision making(Vol. 4). Springer Science Business Media. Healey, A. N. (2016). The insider threat to nuclear safety and security.Security Journal,29(1), 23-38. Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Mans, R. S., van der Aalst, W. M., Vanwersch, R. J., Moleman, A. J. (2013). Process mining in healthcare: Data challenges when answering frequently posed questions. InProcess Support and Knowledge Representation in Health Care(pp. 140-153). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Nowak, B. (2013). A 5-step strategy for harnessing global information growth.Information Management,47(4), 42. Perera, R., Nand, P. (2015, April). A multi-strategy approach for lexicalizing linked open data. InInternational Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics(pp. 348-363). Springer International Publishing. Rakow, T., Heard, C. L., Newell, B. R. (2015). Meeting Three Challenges in Risk Communication Phenomena, Numbers, and Emotions.Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences,2(1), 147-156. Rasmussen, S. (2013). Risk and uncertainty. InProduction Economics(pp. 163-180). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Silbey, S. S. (2013). Organizational Challenges to Regulatory Enforcement and Compliance A New Common Sense about Regulation.The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,649(1), 6-20. Spring, J. (2014).Fall 2014 SEI Research Review: Malware Analysis. CARNEGIE-MELLON UNIV PITTSBURGH PA SOFTWARE ENGINEERING INST. Steinberg, A. N. (2016). A model for threat assessment. InFusion Methodologies in Crisis Management(pp. 313-340). Springer International Publishing. Von Solms, R., Van Niekerk, J. (2013). From information security to cyber security.computers security,38, 97-102.

Impressionism Art in Paris from the 19th to the 20th Century Essay Sample free essay sample

As I let myself float off to the sedateness of Claude Debussy’s Claire de Lune. visions of the Eiffel tower’s olympian visible radiations and passionate lovers sauntering with their custodies clasped together whispering sweet nothings find their manner into my imaginativeness. I can even smell the deluxe Gallic culinary art. people imbibing their ruddy vino as if mundane is a twenty-four hours of gaiety while banqueting on cheese. I must truly be in Paris. Although seen today as one of the world’s loveliest. historical. tourer attractive force site. Paris was non ever the like the fabricated Utopian metropolis. Like any other state. its history self-praises of wars. political conquerings. pestilences. spiritual wrangles and most significantly. a magnet for creative persons. The nineteenth to twentieth century paved manner for two mileposts in Gallic art history. The first Impressionist picture exhibition in 1874 and the introduction of Sacred du Printemps by Igor Stravinsky in 1913 ( Paris. We will write a custom essay sample on Impressionism: Art in Paris from the 19th to the 20th Century Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page metropolis. France 36181 ) marked Paris in a lasting ink on the books. Art has ever been a manner of showing ideas that can non be spoken. a linguistic communication non easy understood but merely felt. and freedom waiting to be explored. Artists are like couriers with their ain slang. They have a alone manner of distributing thoughts. unlike the ordinary ways of speaking and voicing out sentiments. They try to leave their feelings through pictures. sculpture. music. and now even nutrient. The inventive head of the audience will be the one to construe or sometimes to justice. and each reading and judgement is individualized. And one time the audience have voiced out their sentiments and found themselves in a argument. merely so can the artist declare himself done with his chef-doeuvre. It is non easy to arouse people’s reaction. To be put on the map. to do a name for oneself. to do a hallmark and be known is an of import facet of being an established creative person because most of the clip. the people would non care. That hallmark will arouse an feeling. Impressionism is a period of Gallic art that used visible radiation and colourss to capture and make an feeling for a peculiar scene. It was non long earlier Impressionism that the creative persons were utilizing dark colourss hence the alteration of chromaticities have made an feeling to a batch of people. Alternatively of merely seeing things in the dark. the pictures have become alive and colourful ; it’s like taking a exposure and pulling it. Dedicated impressionist painters include Pierre Auguste Renoir. Camille Pissare and Claude Monet among others ( Impressionism What is ) . These impressionist painters are all good. in fact I had a difficult clip taking my favourites. but I was blown off with Claude Monet’s art. Upon seeing Claude Monet’s Water Lily Pond. I was left hold oning for words. It’s one of those minutes when you are on your manner place from a 12 hr work twenty-four hours hankering to snooze off but so you pass by the vicinity garden and notice for the first clip a H2O lily pool. You stop by the wooden arched span and stare at it. as if in enchantment. And so you do non acquire to experience anything but that of peace. composure and repose. Monet’s usage of the colourss green. blue. white and xanthous created this feeling of a unagitated pool set against hours before midday. fresh air about but non in gesture. In contrast. the Palazzo district attorney Mula. Venice gave me trembles. I felt unhappiness. Like that of an at hand day of reckoning waiting to go on. and I know. but I merely sat there waiting for it to com e. I besides see two people. they could non be lovers because of the distance between them. they could merely be friends or household. but their bond is that strong because they wait at that place. together. Even if the picture is alive with colour. the feeling that I have is that of a glooming sundown with no promise of a hereafter. These are the Markss left in me by the pictures. And it will likely remain at that place until I see it in a different state of affairs or if person Tells me their feeling of the art pieces. Inspired by a dream of a heathen girl’s dance to her decease. Stravinsky’s The Rite of the Spring concert dance was good known because of the violent reaction of the audience due to the non so conventional stage dancing and music that resulted to the terpsichoreans non being able to hear the orchestra drama ( Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky ) . That might be a Gallic art history milepost. but I would instead listen to Claude Debussy’s Claire de Lune besides known as Moonlight. I see a miss roving in a wood. moonlight reflecting brilliantly above her. She is lost in her ideas. She looks off and holds back her cryings. She runs. and she kept on running until she reached a glade and she saw the dark blue sky for the really first clip and was enchanted by it. She does non contend the cryings this clip. small pearls autumn down her cheeks as she lay down easy on the land. her eyes set on the Moon. This was what I thought of while I was listening to Claire de Lune. Bing able to see these things inside my caput meant that the classical music was that intense to acquire my imaginativeness running wild. It was as if I was reading a book. or watching a drama. And that is something that merely a true creative person can transfuse in a charmed audience. While it is true that art grasp varies from single to single. art is a linguistic communication set above all linguistic communications. It will embrace talking barriers because it is cosmopolitan. It binds people together to portion passion. creativeness. feelings and feelings. Art in Paris may hold been categorized and sorted out into epochs by its differences in medium. manner and texture. but all is still art. What holds true is that people judge comparatively. and that wherever you are. every bit long as you have left an feeling in even merely one individual in the universe. to that individual you are an creative person. Claude Monet and Claude Debussy will stay imbibed in my route map to Paris. If I go at that place. possibly one twenty-four hours I will. Plants Cited â€Å"Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky Quick Facts. † 2007. MSN Encarta Encyclopedia. 21 Dec 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //encarta. msn. com/media_461577318 _Igor_Fyodorovich_Starvinsky_Quick_Facts. hypertext markup language gt ; â€Å"Impressionism. † August 1999. The University of North Carolina Greensboro. 21 Dec 2007 lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www. uncg. edu/rom/courses/common/impressionism. hypertext markup language gt ; â€Å"Paris. †The Columbia Encyclopedia. 6Thursdayerectile dysfunction. 2004

Critically Examine Why There Are More Small Wars In Africa Essays

Critically Examine Why There Are More Small Wars In Africa Essays Critically Examine Why There Are More Small Wars In Africa African history has gone through three major phenomena that are the slave trade, colonization and decolonization. Each has its positive and negative impacts on the people, the shape of the continent and her economic resources. Slave trade robbed Africa of its best brains as those sold were mainly targeted after challenging the chief an action that by then was a preserve for those with the morale courage to question decisions from the highest authority as it was considered to be taboo. Colonization introduced new country boundaries and disadvantaged other ethnic groups in terms of development ranging from education to economic gains. Various draconian laws desired to sideline the indigenous people in participating in the day to day running of their own countries were passed by the colonizers .These were unacceptable to the African people. The positive elements are the introduction of the education system, the infrastructure development, and the provision of health facilities plus the overall improvement of the economy at large, which also brought about a modern standard of living. Decolonization brought independence and the restoration of the rights of the indigenous people. In the process large quantities of Eastern Block, small arms were dumped in the continent that as will be discussed below ignited random fighting causing mayhem in Africa. Soon after the Second World War, the indigenous people embarked on the confrontational approach to liberate themselves. Negotiations with the foreign rulers started in earnest and majority of countries, were granted their independence. These had strings attached and main ones were the acceptance of the standing borders and the land ownership status quo was to be maintained. Some were denied, and had to take up arms, to liberate themselves. Small wars ensued and these are popularly known as liberation wars. The major suppliers of the arms were USSR, China, Yugoslavia, Romania and the then East Germany. On cessation of hostilities, weapons were not accounted for and later used in the wars under discussion. These wars were meant to overthrow colonial rule that was presided over by presidents or governors from Europe. However, these were justified and needs no examination to justify the circumstances behind them. On attaining independence, some countries experienced some civil wars and t hus the aim of this paper is to come up with a critically examination of the major causes of these disturbances from 1980 to date Small wars can be defined as those conflicts between the people of one country regardless of external support in which a state of open hostility and suspension of international and national laws exists. It is characterized by the use of non-conventional means of fighting and arms. In this write up small wars and conflict will be used interchangeable. The ultimate target is mainly to remove the government or to cede a piece of land and create a separate state. However, of late some small wars have been fought specifically to plunder resources. To effectively, examine as to why we have small wars in Africa it is necessary to briefly sample some small wars from the four corners of Africa. In North Africa, the Algerian war started in 1992 when the Army cancelled the electoral process forcing President Chadli Bendjedid to resign and Mohammed Boudiaf replaced him. A state of emergence was declared and in retaliation, a border post at Guemmar was attacked. The situation became tense when Said Mekhloufi founded the Movement for an Islamic State transforming what was simple some banditry activity into a religious conflict. The causes for this conflict are lack of democracy and the advent of radical Islamists who intends to turn the country into an Islamic state. Conversely, in West Africa, the Sierra Leone conflict began in 1991, initiated by the Revolutionary United Front led by Foday Sannkoy. The causes are corruption, the mismanagement, and the desire to loot the diamonds. Ten of thousands have been killed and 2 million displac ed. In the horn and east of Africa, hostilities between Ethiopia and Eritrea are because of a border dispute while the Rwanda disturbances was along ethnic lines, all emanating from colonization. Somalia a model state plunged into war because Siad Bare, desperately clung to power for too

PROMOTING BETTER PATIENT CARE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

PROMOTING BETTER PATIENT CARE - Essay Example Speech-language pathologists are certified by the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA) and hold the masters degree or the degree certified to be suitable for the role. (McKay, 2012a, p.1) The speech therapists role is to guide and simulate the process of recovery by means of speech and language exercises. Autism, cleft palate, brain or damage disorders, voice disorder, stammering are some of the causes for the speech difficulties. There are normal swallowing and speech changes after the head and neck cancer treatment and they need assistance of the speech pathologist. (â€Å"Encyclopedia of Health†, 2010, p. 977) A social worker help patients and families cope up with the problem resulting from long term illness, injury and rehabilitation. ‘Medical and public health social worker provide psychosocial support to those affected by chronic, acute, or terminal illnesses. They work with patients, families, and caregivers.’(Mc Kay, 2012b, p. 1)The Council on Social Work Education accredits the baccalaureate and master’s degree programs in social work in the United States. (Zastrow, p. xx) Communication is an important tool for the speech therapists as it enables them to interact with the patient and develop the confidence in them. The treatment varies according to its severity and is based upon the patient’s case history and also relies on the patient’s verbal report of symptoms. There is a major concern in the availability of speech therapists and if the facility did not have this specialty, then the use of interdisciplinary team concept is appropriate. It is a group of health care professionals from diverse fields who work in a coordinated fashion toward a common goal for the patient.(â€Å"Interdisciplinary teams†, Medical Dictionary) The team includes mostly the individual with severe communication disabilities, a family member or guardian, a speech-language pathologist,

What Is New Age Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

What Is New Age - Research Paper Example The practices of the New Age are individual journeys that can sometimes constitute an organized church or movement. New Age and/or New Religious Movements (NRM’s), also popularly known as cults, can have a great impact on the family. Oftentimes these cults rely on community organization, seeking recruits, and creating a new reality for participants that can be detrimental to the structure of the family. A new religious movement is basically defined as a movement which is spiritual or faith-based in nature. New religious movements may also have a basis in ethics, theology, philosophy, or religion to some extent. Cults need not be destructive in nature, however. Many people who study social psychology have adopted the term â€Å"new religious movement† as a way of describing cults or New Age-y organizations in neutral language. New religious movements may be communitarian, or they may be specifically spiritual or religious in nature. Usually what separates new religious movements from other religious movements in society is their unique ability to isolate people from other social networks. New religious movements had connotations of brainwashing. Several people are still wont to call new religious movements â€Å"cults† because that term is still more popular than the term â€Å"new religious movement.† There is still no formal criteria for what a new religious movement constitutes. However, in general, the group which is a new religious movement is somewhat new (obviously), and it is set apart or distinct from other religions. There is much controversy over what constitutes a â€Å"new† religious movement. Some people use certain dates as benchmarks for saying religion is new—for example, a religious movement that has occurred within the last 20 years or so.

Optimization of Solvent Extractions

Optimization of Solvent Extractions CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1  Introduction In this study, the leaves of A. Malanccensis, formulated gaharu tea bags from Gaharu Tea Valley, Gopeng and Kebun Rimau, Tawau were extracted by using solvent extraction method. The optimization of solvent extractions were determined in this study as well. Chemical composition of the crude extracts were analyzed by using GC-MS and HPLC. Besides, the obtained crude extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant property. 3.2  Chemicals and Apparatus Throughout this study, several of chemical and apparatus were used as listed in table 3.1 and table 3.2. Table 3.1 Chemical and reagent used Chemical and reagents Brand Manufacturer 1,1-diphenyl-2-pycrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Sigma USA 2,4,6-tripyridyl-striazine Sigma USA Sodium acetate Acetic acid MB Germany Aluminum chloride hexahydrate Ascorbic acid Systerm Malaysia Ethanol Systerm Malaysia Folin-Ciocalteu’s reagent Sigma USA Gallic acid Hydrochloric acid Iron (II) sulphate Sigma USA Iron (III) Chloride Systerm Malaysia Methanol Merck Germany Potassium bromide Quercetin Sodium carbonate Sodium carbonate anhydrous Sodium hydroxide Merck Germany Sodium nitrate Helium gas Novaland Malaysia Nitrogen gas Novaland Malaysia Table 3.2 Apparatus used Apparatus Brand Manufacturer Aluminium foil Diamond brand Malaysia Analytical balance Mettler-Toledo Switerland Beaker 100 mL Schoot Duran Germany Beaker 250 mL Schoot Duran Germany Beaker 500 mL Iwaki Japan Conical flask 250 mL Isolab Germany Filter funnel Frontier Transform Infra-red spectrometer Perkin Elmer Germany Gas Chromatography-Mass spectrometer Perkin-Elmer Germany Measuring cylinder Iwaki Japan Micropipette Eppendrof England Oven Memmet USA Parafilm â€Å"M† Pechiney USA Rotatory evaporator Buchi Labortechinc Switzerland Round bottle flask 250 mL Favorit Malaysia Test tube 15 mL UV-Vis spectrometer Perkin Elmer Germany Volumetric flask Exelo Malaysia Water bath Cifton NE 5-289 England Whatman No. 1 Filter paper Buchi Reiii Switzerland Grinder Kika Germany 3.3 Extraction of the Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Gaharu Tea 3.3.1 Raw Material The samples of gaharu leaves and formulated gaharu tea bag were used in this research were obtained from the Kebun Rimau Sdn Bhd, Tawau and Gaharu Tea Valley, Gopeng. Gaharu leaves were dried in the shade for 7 days at roomtemperature (28  ±2 °C). After drying, leaves were cut into small pieces. The pieces of dried gaharu leaves and the formulated gaharu tea bag are used for the aqueous extraction and ethanolic extraction. 3.3.2Aqueous Extraction of Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Gaharu Tea 50g of dried leaves powder and contents of formulated gaharu tea bag were weighed and put into 500mL beaker, respectively. 250 mL of distilled water was added into both beaker and boil for 30 minutes. Beakers were wrapped with aluminium foil (Diamond brand) to prevent spilling of mixture and light exposure.The pooled extracts were filtered by using Whatman No. 1 filterpaper (Buchi Reiii) with 0.45 µm membrane. The remains were re-extracted under same condition and filtered. The obtained crude extracts were concentrated at 50 °C using a rotary evaporator under low pressure. The concentrated crude extracts from gaharu leaves and formulated gaharu tea bag were collected in air-tight containers and covered by the aluminum foil to prevent the active components in the extracts from decomposing by light. They were stored in refrigerator at 4  °C to prevent fungal attacking. All the extractions were carried out in replicates. 3.3.3 Ethanolic Extraction of the Gaharu Leaves and FormulatedGaharu Tea 10g of dried leaves powder and 6g of the formulated gaharu tea bag were weighed and put into 100 mL beaker, respectively. 50mL ethanol was poured into both beaker. Beakers were sealed with parafilm (Pechiney) and wrapped with aluminum foil (Diamond brand) to prevent spilling of mixture and light exposure, respectively. The pooled extracts were filtered by using Whatman No. 1 filter paper (Whatman International, England). The remains were re-extracted under same condition and filtered. The obtained crude extracts were concentrated at 40 °C using a rotary evaporator under low pressure. The concentrated crude extracts from gaharu leaves and formulated gaharu tea bag were collected in air-tight containers and covered by the aluminum foil to prevent the light decomposition of bioactive components in the crude extracts. They were stored in refrigerator at 4  °C to avoid fungal attacking. All the extractions were carried out in replicates. 3.4 Optimization of the Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Gaharu Tea Extraction 3.4.1Ethanol Concentration With the constants 180 minutes and temperature 25OC, samples were extracted with six different concentrations of ethanol starting from 0% to 100% (v/v). The extraction procedures were described in section 3.2.3. The best ethanol concentration which related to the values of total phenolic contain (TPC) (mg gallic acid equivalent, GAE/g dry weight, DW) and total flavonoid contain (TFC) (mg quercetin equivalent, QE/g DW) were selected. 3.4.2Extraction time The samples were extracted with the optimal ethanol concentration which was determined in the section 3.3.1 for 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 minutes by fixing the extraction temperature constant at 25oC. The best extraction time which related to the values of total phenolic contain (TPC) (mg gallic acid equivalent, GAE/g dry weight, DW) and total flavonoid contain (TFC) (mg quercetin equivalent, QE/g DW) eres selected. 3.4.3Temperature The samples were extracted at different temperatures, which were 25, 35, 45, 55, and 65oC with the optimal temperature and extraction time as determined in section 3.3.1 and section 3.3.2. The best extraction temperature which related to the values of total phenolic contain (TPC) (mg gallic acid equivalent, GAE/g dry weight, DW) and total flavonoid contain (TFC) (mg quercetin equivalent, QE/g DW) weres selected. 3.5Chemical Characterization of Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Gaharu Tea 3.5.1Characterization using FT-IR 3.5.1.1 Sample Preparation The method of FT-IR analysis by Khalil et al. (2013) was used with minor modifications (Khalil et al., 2013). The formation of transparent pellet (Thin disc) was done by mixing 2mg of crude extract powder with 40mg of potassium bromide (1:20), a mold was used to compress the mixture under a pressure of 7 tons. The analysis was carried out with the wavelength starting from 4000 to 400 cm-1. About 3 minutes were taken by the spectrum recording. FT-IR software Spectrum version 6.35 (Perkin Elmer) was used to perform the acquisition of the spectra and peak assignment. 3.5.2Characterization Using Gas Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) 3.5.2.1 Sample Preparation The method of GC-MS analysis by Khalil et al. (2013) and Soetardjo et al., (2007) were used with the modification of experimental conditions. The crude extract powder was dissolved in 60% (v/v) methanol solution and filtered by using membrane filter with 0.45  µm pore size. The 0.5  µL of samples were injected into a gas chromatograph equipped with Perkin Elmer Clarus 500 mass spectrometer and Elite-5MS column [30m (length) x 0.25 mm (diameter), film thickness 0.25  µm]. The column temperature was programmed to 50oC for 6 min, with 5oC increase per min to 250oC. The temperature of detector and injector were both maintained at 250 oC. Hellium was used as the carrier gas with a linear velocity of 1 ml/min and the splitting ratio was 10:1. The mass spectrometer was operated in the electron impact ionization (EI) mode at 70 eV. The constituents of gaharu crude extract powder were identified by comparing their mass spectra with those of NIST02 library data of the GC-MS system. The c ondition of GC-MS are summarized in Table 3.4. Table 3.4 Condition used for GC-MS analysis. Parameters Conditions Gas chromatography Perkin Elmer Clarus 500 gas chromatography Mass selective detector Perkin Elmer Clarus 500 mass spectrometer Capillary columns Elite-5MS (30 m (length) x 0.25 mm (diameter) ; film thickness 0.25  µm) Injection volume 0.5  µL Carrier gas Helium Initial oven temperature 50 oC Final oven temperature 260-300 oC Inlet temperature 250 oC Injection Split Injector pressure 8.00-9.43 psi Injector temperature 80 oC Flow rate 1 mL min -1 Electron energy 70 eV Source temperature 180 oC Solvent delay 2 minutes Data library NIST 02 3.5.2.2 Kovats Retention Index Kovats retention index is an idea used in the gas chromatography to convert retention times into system-independent constant. The collected data of GC-MS were processed by using the Kovats retention index (Equation 3.1). The calculated Kovats index was compared with the retention time of n-alkane which were given by the GC-MS manufacture company (Perkin Elmer) based on the same type of column with higher ramp temperature (10oC instead of 5 oC, Appendix A). (Equation 3.1) Where, I = Kovats retention index, n = the number of carbon atoms in the smaller n-alkane, N = the number of carbon atoms in the larger n-alkane, tr = the retention time. 3.6Determination of Total Phenolic Compounds and Total Flavonoid Compounds in Crude Extracts 3.6.1Evaluation of Total Phenolic Compounds in Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Tea Crude Extracts Total phenolic content (TPC) of concentrated rude extract of three samples with the different extraction condition were determined by using the Folin-Ciocalten (F-C) assay according to the method described by Tay et al. with a modification (Tay et al., 2014). Concentrated crude extractwas diluted 30 times before use. 15 mL test tube was wrapped with aluminum foil and 1 mL of diluted sample was placed into it. Then, 5 mL of Folin-Ciocalten reagent was added into the test tube. After 5 minutes, 4 mL of 7.5% (w/v) sodium carbonate was added. The test tube was shaken to mix the diluted sample and reagents for 5 seconds. Thus, the test tube was allowed to stand in the dark room at room temperature for 30 minutes. The blank solution was prepared by replacing 1 mL of samples with 1 mL of deionized water. Absorbance was measured against the blank at 765 nm by using UV-Vis spectrometer (Perkin Elmer).Besides, 1 mM gallic acid stock solution was prepared. 17.012 mg of gallic acid was weighed a d transferred into 100 mL conical flask. Thus, deionized water was added in until the volume of 100 mL was achieved. The 1 mM gallic acid stock solution was further diluted into 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mM gallic acid standard solutions. Total phenolic content was determined and calculated based on gallic acid calibration curve and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAEs) in milligram per g dry weight (mg GAE/ g DW). The TPC test was repeated with the concentrated crude extract with different solvent extraction conditions. 3.6.2Evaluation of Total Flavonoid Compounds in Gaharu Leaves and Formulated Tea Crude Extracts The total flavonoid content (TFC) of the concentrated crude extract of three samples with different extraction conditions were determined according to the procedures described by Thoo et al. with slight modifications (Thoo et al., 2010). Concentrated crude extract was diluted for 15 times. Thus, 1 mL of diluted crude extract was mixed with 5 mL of deionized water and 0.3 mL 5% sodium nitrite in a 15 mL aluminum foil-wrapped test tube. After 12 minutes, 0.6 mL 10% aluminum chloride hexahydrate was added into the test tube. In the next 10 minutes, 2 mL of 1M sodium hydroxide solution and 1.1 mL were added to the mixture. Thus, test tube was shaken to mix the diluted sample with the reagents for 10 seconds. A blank was prepared by replacing diluted crude extract with 1 mL of deionized water. The absorbance was measured immediately at 510 nm by using UV-Vis light spectrometer (Perkin Elmer). Besides, the 1 mM quercetin stock solution was prepared as well. 30.22 mg of quercetin was accura tely weighed and transferred into 100 mL conical flask. Thus, the deionized water was added into the conical flask until the volume of 100 mL was reached. The 1 mM quercetin stock solution was further diluted to 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mM quercetin standard solutions. The total flavonoid content of diluted crude extract was determined and calculated based on quercetin calibration curve and expressed as quecertin equivalents (QEs) in milligram per g dry weight (mg QE/ g DW).). The TFC test was repeated with the concentrated crude extract with different solvent extraction conditions. 3.7  Determination of Antioxidant Activity 3.7.12,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) Free RadicalScavenging Assay The antioxidant capacity of crude extracts were measured by the DPPH assay based on the method which were carried out by Asadujjamanet al. and Tay et al. with slight modification (Asadujjamanet al., 2013; Tay et al., 2014). The 0.1 mL concentrated crude extract was added with 3.9 mL 0.004% ethanolic DPPH solution in an aluminium-wrapped test tube. A parafilm was immediately used to cover the opening of test tube. Thus, the test tube was allowed to stand in dark room at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorbance of DPPH solution was determined against a deionized water blank a 517 nm by using the UV-Vis spectrometer (Perkin Elmer Lambda 25). 0.1 mL of the crude extract was replaced by extract solvent in the preparing of negative control. Absorbance measurements of the crude extracts and negative control was carried out in triplicate. The result was expressed as a percentage of DPPH radical scavenging activity.The following formula (Equation 3.2) was used to calculate the DPPH rad ical scavenging activity of crude extract. 1 − Ãâ€" 100%= DPPH radical scavenging activityEquation 3.2 Where, As= absorbance of crude extract Ac = Absorbance of control 3.7.2Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) Assay The FRAP assay was carried out according to procedures described by Kamonwannasitet al. with slight modification (Kamonwannasitet al., 2013).The FRAP reagent was made of 0.01 M TPTZ (2,4,6-tripyridyl-striazine) in 0.04 M HCl, 0.02 M FeCl3, and 0.03M acetate buffer (pH 3.6) in a ratio of 1:1:10(v/v/v). 0.03M acetate buffer (pH3.6) was prepared by mixing 46.3 mL of 0.2M acetic acid and 3.7 mL 0.2 M sodium acetate 0.5 mL together. Thus, the deionized water was added into mixture to make up the volume to 100mL. Then, 0.5g of the sample was added to 15 ml of FRAP reagent which was prepared in situ and warmed until 37 °C before it was being used. The absorbance was measured at 593 nm by using an UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer) after the solution was incubated for 5 minutes. Besides, 1 mM FeSO4stock solution was prepared as well. 0.278g of FeSO4 were dissolved into 1 L of deionized water. Thus, 1 mM FeSO4stock solution was diluted into 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 mM FeSO4 standard sol ution. A standard calibration curve was constructed by using different concentration of FeSO4 solution. The results were expressed as ÃŽ ¼mol Fe2+/mg dry weight of plant material. All measurements were carried out in triplicate and the mean values were calculated. 3.8  Statistical analysis The experimental results in this study were calculated and analyzed by using the IBM software (SPSS Statistics version 21). All values were expressed as the mean  ± standard deviation (SD) of triplicate measurements of replicate extraction. Simple correlation was used to determine the relationship between total amount of flavonoids in the crude extracts and their antioxidant capacities.

Understand How Groups Develop and Function

How groups develop and function This essay examines and explains how groups develop and function. Groups are a fundamental part of our lives from social to professional, from large to small, depending on their particular environment. Theories and models on group work practice There are different theories that help us understand how group works. Tuckman’s theory Dr Bruce Tuckman published his Forming Storming Norming Performing model in 1965. He added a fifth stage, Adjourning, in the 1970s.Tuckman’s theory does work in new and small groups rather than big, as it is easier to follow, observe and evaluate individual members. The facilitator can easily identify the stages the group is at, and from here he/she can lead the group to the next stage. I would associate Tuckman’s theory more with the Co-operative style of leadership, because when the group comes together, everyone has the chance to share their ideas and responsibilities. Team members’ behaviour tow ards each other is more open and supportive and working practice more fully reflects true teamwork.Trust and motivation is built between team members. Everyone agrees on methods and plans which will lead to achieving the set goals. Team roles are been formed too. Douglas Theory Douglas McGregor is the creator of the theory X and theory Y. The two theories are opposite to each other. Theory X being the pessimistic as the employee does not like work and tries to escape it whenever possible and has little or no ambition of achieving the company goals. Employee needs a directive leader. Theory X leader is results-driven, intolerant, distant, poor listener, demands, etc.Companies with Theory X leadership will usually have poor results. Theory Y is described as the optimistic model because the employee is more relaxed and can use own initiative. He/she is committed and loyal to the company and can take on responsibilities. Theory Y gives the opportunity of more leaders to be created. On t he other side, Theory Y might be difficult to be put in practice in big mass productions where more control is needed. From the both theories we can conclude that staff will contribute more to the organisation if they are treated as responsible and valued employees.Belbin Team Role Theory â€Å"A team is not a bunch of people with job titles, but a congregation of individuals, each of whom has a role which is understood by other members. Members of a team seek out certain roles and they perform most effectively in the ones that are most natural to them. † Dr. R. M. Belbin Belbin identifies nine team roles. Each team role is associated with typical behavioural and interpersonal strengths, allowable and non-allowable weaknesses that also accompany the team roles.The nine team roles are: plant, resource investigator, co-ordinator, shaper, monitor evaluator, team worker, implementer, complete finisher and specialist. Belbin’s Team Role Models are very useful in forming, ma intaining and developing a group. For example we can use it to think about team balance before recruitment starts; we can use it to highlight and so manage interpersonal differences within an existing team; and we can use it to develop ourselves as a team players. Sometimes however, despite clear roles and responsibilities, a team can still fall short of its full potential.This is when Belbin’s Team Role Models come into use to develop the team’s strengths and manage its weaknesses. To maintain strong team it is important over period of time to observe individual members, and see how they behave and contribute within the team. Then for each person we write down the key strengths and observed weaknesses. Using Belbin’s descriptions of team roles, we note the one that most accurately describes the person. After we do it for each member of the team, we need to consider which team roles are we missing from the team and which strengths.Once we are clear about the out come of our research, we then consider whether an existing team member could compensate by adopting different team role, or whether new skills need to be brought onto the team to cover weaknesses. Adair Team Theory â€Å"Leadership is the most studied subject in the world and the least understood† John Adair (2003) Adair has developed so called Action-Centred Leadership model which consist of three circles Task, Team and Individual, which overlap. The three circles overlap because: 1. To be completed the task needs a team, one person cannot achieve it. . If the team needs are not met, then the task won’t be completed and the individuals won’t be satisfied. 3. If the individuals are not satisfied, then the team will suffer and the task won’t be completed again. The conclusion is that for the team to be functioning to its high standard and to be able to achieve its goals it is important all the individuals to be satisfied, rewarded and the team to be motiva ted to reach its full potentials. Forming and maintaining a cohesive and effective group Group cohesion is a phenomenon that determines how well a group holds together.When cohesion is strong, a group will remain stable and effective, but when it is weak, the group may fall apart. To build strong group cohesion is important for the leader to be able to get to know the group members individually so that he/she can tailor an appreciation message to each individual as needed. The next important attribute is for the leader to be sincere with his employees. He needs to praise his employees, one way or another – that could be done in private or in public, and not just once or twice, has to be consistent and more frequent.At the beginning of the forming of the group the leader has to set clear goals to his employees and to make sure that these goals don’t change somewhere half way through to the group work as it may derail the team. Once the goals are set, it is important to communicate with the team not through email or memos, but verbally where the leader can ask for feedback from the team members, exchange ideas in how to achieve the set goals. Here is the stage when the team roles are being set and clarified. For the team to continue its effectiveness, the employees will need the support from their leader.The leader needs to be approachable and supportive so the group members don’t feel alone. Providing a connection between the group goals and the company’s goal will make the group members accountable, they will feel more appreciated and important in the bigger picture not only as group members, but as individuals too. All the above factors are in the core of forming and maintaining a cohesive and effective group. A team that feels comfortable working together can have an energy that creates a positive environment and work ethic that can lift a team, making it more effective.This positive environment can make team members work harder, more efficiently and more productively. The influence of the different facilitation styles At heart facilitation is about the process of helping people to explore, learn and change. Our role, when facilitating, and as facilitators, is to help groups to work together respectfully and truthfully and to help them to explore and respond to certain issues and questions. The leader's success depends on many factors, including the kind  of person he/she is,  his/hers values of management, his/hers self-confidence and competence, his/hers trust in  the team and how he/she copes with  stress.The manager's chosen facilitation style depends on such factors. Many managers feel they are  expected to make the decisions, others feel they must get their teams involved. Some have confidence in their team; others mistrust them. Particular style of facilitation will work effectively when dealing with some people rather than others. There are three styles of facilitation: directive, co-operat ive and autonomous. Directive Style When leaders tell people what to do through a series of directives, they are using a directive style of leadership.Directive leaders are focused on outcomes and productivity. They are task-oriented and driven by the need to get things done. Directive leaders are not as concerned with the feelings and emotions of their followers as they are about meeting deadlines, hitting quota and reaching goals. There is not great deal of relationship-building found with directive facilitation style. With the directive style present the employees will not feel motivated and appreciated. Employees will feel pressured and soon will lose enthusiasm. The group will not have strong cohesion and will be less effective.If we look at the Douglas’ X and Y theory, we’ll see that the directive style would be more suitable for the X employees, but it won’t be effective for Y employees as they won’t respond. The directive style does not develop fu ture leaders. Co-operative style Here the facilitator shares responsibilities with the group: the leader guides the group to become more self-directing in the various forms of learning by conferring with them. The leader prompts and helps group members to make a decision, to give meaning to experiences, to do their own confrontation, and so on.In this process, the leader shares own view which, though influential, is not final but one among many. Outcomes are always negotiated. The leader collaborates with the members of the group in devising the learning process: facilitation is co-operative. When the leader/manager uses the co-operative style the employees will feel valued and appreciated. They will want to make suggestions because they know that they will be listened to by the manager, hence they will be very motivated to perform to a high standard. The type of groups with a co-operative style leader will have very strong cohesion and will be highly effective.Team roles will be ve ry clear within such groups which will lead to achieving the set goals. Future leaders will grow in such groups. When the goals are achieved and the group is no longer needed, there will be sadness of breaking the group. Autonomous style Here the leader/manager respects the total autonomy of the group: they do not do things for them, or with them, but give them freedom to find their own way, exercising their own judgment without any intervention on the leader’s part. This does not mean the abdication of responsibility; the leader just gives the individuals a space to determine their own learning.Unfortunately, such groups will feel that they are being left and will lack direction. The autonomous style grows future leaders, but can also suffer if group members are unqualified. Why it is important to be clear about the purpose and desired outcomes for the group? When group is formed, it is important that the leader clarifies the purpose and desired outcomes for the group. The e mployees will know what is to be expected from them. Then the group can engage openly and effectively discussing how the goals will be achieved. It is also the stage when the team roles are being created.At the end of the meeting we should have clear accomplishment. Analyse the importance of participant engagement in achieving group outcomes The most important thing is what the participants in the meeting have to say. The leader has to focus on how the meeting is structured and run to make sure that everyone can participate. The leader needs to make sure that everyone feels comfortable in participating, to allow everyone to be heard, to make sure that the members feel good about their contribution, to support everyone’s ideas and not criticising.If the leader follows the steps above the group members will feel empowered about their own ideas and participation. They will stay loyal to the company and will take on responsibilities and ownership. Conclusion From this brief overv iew we can see the significance of groups and why it is important to continuously develop them –from one side, to strengthen their potential and from the other, to help the development of their individual members.They are a fundamental part of human experience and  play a crucial role both in shaping and influencing individual lives and society itself. We saw how an effective group brings humans together and how an effective group gives birth to successful leaders. Humans always will be, as groups will be too. That makes the groups one of the most important factors of our lives. The more effective the group is, the more the quality of our lives will grow. Understand How Groups Develop and Function How groups develop and function This essay examines and explains how groups develop and function. Groups are a fundamental part of our lives from social to professional, from large to small, depending on their particular environment. Theories and models on group work practice There are different theories that help us understand how group works. Tuckman’s theory Dr Bruce Tuckman published his Forming Storming Norming Performing model in 1965. He added a fifth stage, Adjourning, in the 1970s.Tuckman’s theory does work in new and small groups rather than big, as it is easier to follow, observe and evaluate individual members. The facilitator can easily identify the stages the group is at, and from here he/she can lead the group to the next stage. I would associate Tuckman’s theory more with the Co-operative style of leadership, because when the group comes together, everyone has the chance to share their ideas and responsibilities. Team members’ behaviour tow ards each other is more open and supportive and working practice more fully reflects true teamwork.Trust and motivation is built between team members. Everyone agrees on methods and plans which will lead to achieving the set goals. Team roles are been formed too. Douglas Theory Douglas McGregor is the creator of the theory X and theory Y. The two theories are opposite to each other. Theory X being the pessimistic as the employee does not like work and tries to escape it whenever possible and has little or no ambition of achieving the company goals. Employee needs a directive leader. Theory X leader is results-driven, intolerant, distant, poor listener, demands, etc.Companies with Theory X leadership will usually have poor results. Theory Y is described as the optimistic model because the employee is more relaxed and can use own initiative. He/she is committed and loyal to the company and can take on responsibilities. Theory Y gives the opportunity of more leaders to be created. On t he other side, Theory Y might be difficult to be put in practice in big mass productions where more control is needed. From the both theories we can conclude that staff will contribute more to the organisation if they are treated as responsible and valued employees.Belbin Team Role Theory â€Å"A team is not a bunch of people with job titles, but a congregation of individuals, each of whom has a role which is understood by other members. Members of a team seek out certain roles and they perform most effectively in the ones that are most natural to them. † Dr. R. M. Belbin Belbin identifies nine team roles. Each team role is associated with typical behavioural and interpersonal strengths, allowable and non-allowable weaknesses that also accompany the team roles.The nine team roles are: plant, resource investigator, co-ordinator, shaper, monitor evaluator, team worker, implementer, complete finisher and specialist. Belbin’s Team Role Models are very useful in forming, ma intaining and developing a group. For example we can use it to think about team balance before recruitment starts; we can use it to highlight and so manage interpersonal differences within an existing team; and we can use it to develop ourselves as a team players. Sometimes however, despite clear roles and responsibilities, a team can still fall short of its full potential.This is when Belbin’s Team Role Models come into use to develop the team’s strengths and manage its weaknesses. To maintain strong team it is important over period of time to observe individual members, and see how they behave and contribute within the team. Then for each person we write down the key strengths and observed weaknesses. Using Belbin’s descriptions of team roles, we note the one that most accurately describes the person. After we do it for each member of the team, we need to consider which team roles are we missing from the team and which strengths.Once we are clear about the out come of our research, we then consider whether an existing team member could compensate by adopting different team role, or whether new skills need to be brought onto the team to cover weaknesses. Adair Team Theory â€Å"Leadership is the most studied subject in the world and the least understood† John Adair (2003) Adair has developed so called Action-Centred Leadership model which consist of three circles Task, Team and Individual, which overlap. The three circles overlap because: 1. To be completed the task needs a team, one person cannot achieve it. . If the team needs are not met, then the task won’t be completed and the individuals won’t be satisfied. 3. If the individuals are not satisfied, then the team will suffer and the task won’t be completed again. The conclusion is that for the team to be functioning to its high standard and to be able to achieve its goals it is important all the individuals to be satisfied, rewarded and the team to be motiva ted to reach its full potentials. Forming and maintaining a cohesive and effective group Group cohesion is a phenomenon that determines how well a group holds together.When cohesion is strong, a group will remain stable and effective, but when it is weak, the group may fall apart. To build strong group cohesion is important for the leader to be able to get to know the group members individually so that he/she can tailor an appreciation message to each individual as needed. The next important attribute is for the leader to be sincere with his employees. He needs to praise his employees, one way or another – that could be done in private or in public, and not just once or twice, has to be consistent and more frequent.At the beginning of the forming of the group the leader has to set clear goals to his employees and to make sure that these goals don’t change somewhere half way through to the group work as it may derail the team. Once the goals are set, it is important to communicate with the team not through email or memos, but verbally where the leader can ask for feedback from the team members, exchange ideas in how to achieve the set goals. Here is the stage when the team roles are being set and clarified. For the team to continue its effectiveness, the employees will need the support from their leader.The leader needs to be approachable and supportive so the group members don’t feel alone. Providing a connection between the group goals and the company’s goal will make the group members accountable, they will feel more appreciated and important in the bigger picture not only as group members, but as individuals too. All the above factors are in the core of forming and maintaining a cohesive and effective group. A team that feels comfortable working together can have an energy that creates a positive environment and work ethic that can lift a team, making it more effective.This positive environment can make team members work harder, more efficiently and more productively. The influence of the different facilitation styles At heart facilitation is about the process of helping people to explore, learn and change. Our role, when facilitating, and as facilitators, is to help groups to work together respectfully and truthfully and to help them to explore and respond to certain issues and questions. The leader's success depends on many factors, including the kind  of person he/she is,  his/hers values of management, his/hers self-confidence and competence, his/hers trust in  the team and how he/she copes with  stress.The manager's chosen facilitation style depends on such factors. Many managers feel they are  expected to make the decisions, others feel they must get their teams involved. Some have confidence in their team; others mistrust them. Particular style of facilitation will work effectively when dealing with some people rather than others. There are three styles of facilitation: directive, co-operat ive and autonomous. Directive Style When leaders tell people what to do through a series of directives, they are using a directive style of leadership.Directive leaders are focused on outcomes and productivity. They are task-oriented and driven by the need to get things done. Directive leaders are not as concerned with the feelings and emotions of their followers as they are about meeting deadlines, hitting quota and reaching goals. There is not great deal of relationship-building found with directive facilitation style. With the directive style present the employees will not feel motivated and appreciated. Employees will feel pressured and soon will lose enthusiasm. The group will not have strong cohesion and will be less effective.If we look at the Douglas’ X and Y theory, we’ll see that the directive style would be more suitable for the X employees, but it won’t be effective for Y employees as they won’t respond. The directive style does not develop fu ture leaders. Co-operative style Here the facilitator shares responsibilities with the group: the leader guides the group to become more self-directing in the various forms of learning by conferring with them. The leader prompts and helps group members to make a decision, to give meaning to experiences, to do their own confrontation, and so on.In this process, the leader shares own view which, though influential, is not final but one among many. Outcomes are always negotiated. The leader collaborates with the members of the group in devising the learning process: facilitation is co-operative. When the leader/manager uses the co-operative style the employees will feel valued and appreciated. They will want to make suggestions because they know that they will be listened to by the manager, hence they will be very motivated to perform to a high standard. The type of groups with a co-operative style leader will have very strong cohesion and will be highly effective.Team roles will be ve ry clear within such groups which will lead to achieving the set goals. Future leaders will grow in such groups. When the goals are achieved and the group is no longer needed, there will be sadness of breaking the group. Autonomous style Here the leader/manager respects the total autonomy of the group: they do not do things for them, or with them, but give them freedom to find their own way, exercising their own judgment without any intervention on the leader’s part. This does not mean the abdication of responsibility; the leader just gives the individuals a space to determine their own learning.Unfortunately, such groups will feel that they are being left and will lack direction. The autonomous style grows future leaders, but can also suffer if group members are unqualified. Why it is important to be clear about the purpose and desired outcomes for the group? When group is formed, it is important that the leader clarifies the purpose and desired outcomes for the group. The e mployees will know what is to be expected from them. Then the group can engage openly and effectively discussing how the goals will be achieved. It is also the stage when the team roles are being created.At the end of the meeting we should have clear accomplishment. Analyse the importance of participant engagement in achieving group outcomes The most important thing is what the participants in the meeting have to say. The leader has to focus on how the meeting is structured and run to make sure that everyone can participate. The leader needs to make sure that everyone feels comfortable in participating, to allow everyone to be heard, to make sure that the members feel good about their contribution, to support everyone’s ideas and not criticising.If the leader follows the steps above the group members will feel empowered about their own ideas and participation. They will stay loyal to the company and will take on responsibilities and ownership. Conclusion From this brief overv iew we can see the significance of groups and why it is important to continuously develop them –from one side, to strengthen their potential and from the other, to help the development of their individual members.They are a fundamental part of human experience and  play a crucial role both in shaping and influencing individual lives and society itself. We saw how an effective group brings humans together and how an effective group gives birth to successful leaders. Humans always will be, as groups will be too. That makes the groups one of the most important factors of our lives. The more effective the group is, the more the quality of our lives will grow.